Specific ion effect of H+ on variably charged soil colloid aggregation

Specific ion effects (Hofmeister effects) have recently attracted the attention of soil scientists, and it has been found that ionic non-classic polarization plays an important role in the specific ion effect in soil. However, this explanation cannot be applied to H⁺. The aim of this work was to characterize the specific ion effect of H⁺ on variably charged soil (yellow soil) colloid aggregation. The total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation concentration (CCC), activation energy, and zeta potential were used to characterize and compare the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Results showed that strong specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ existed in variably charged soil colloid aggregation. The TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy were sensitive to H⁺, and the addition of a small amount of H⁺ changed the TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy markedly. The zeta potential results indicated that the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on soil colloid aggregation were caused by the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on the soil electric field strength. In addition, the origin of the specific ion effect for H⁺ was its chemical adsorption onto surfaces, while those for alkali cations were non-classic polarization. This study indicated that H⁺, which occurs naturally in variably charged soils, will dominate variably charged soil colloid aggregation.     

热杀菌条件对NFC冬枣汁成分及抗氧化活性的影响研究

为了研究不同热杀菌条件对NFC冬枣汁理化性质、活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响,本文以冬枣为研究对象,设置了低温长时杀菌(75℃,5、10、15、20、25 min)和高温短时杀菌(90℃,0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.50 min)两个处理,考察了NFC冬枣汁的可溶性固形物含量、pH值、总酸含量、VC含量、DPPH清除率、亚铁离子还原率等指标。研究结果表明,两种杀菌方式对NFC冬枣汁基本理化性质影响不显著(P>0.05)。相比于低温长时杀菌,高温短时杀菌的△E值更低,更能保持冬枣汁原有的色泽。两种杀菌处理后多酚、VC含量均显著降低(P<0.05),低温长时杀菌25 min后VC含量未检出,抗氧化活性也显著低于高温短时杀菌(P<0.05)。因此,通过对NFC冬枣汁品质变化的分析,发现高温短时杀菌能更好地保持原有的色泽和营养成分。     

添加芽孢杆菌对草鱼池塘中真核微生物的影响

为了研究添加芽孢杆菌对池塘中真核微生物群落结构和理化因子的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析了实验组(添加芽孢杆菌池塘)与对照组(普通池塘)水体真核微生物群落结构,同时分析了两组池塘的水体理化指标。结果表明:8、9月实验组池塘水体中TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。水体中梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、红囊藻(Hedriocystis)、蓝隐藻(Chroomonas)、丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)真核微生物丰度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组池塘水体真核微生物Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验结果证实:通过向池塘添加芽孢杆菌,可以改变水体中真核微生物群落的结构,从而实现对池塘理化因子的调节。研究结果对于降低水产养殖尾水对水域环境的污染具有一定的意义。     

基于霍尔效应的微小压强测量装置的设计与实现

针对化工液体的微小压强测量中所存在的测量复杂、精度低的问题，设计一种基于霍尔效应的测量流体微小压强变化的装置。该测量装置通过前端受力装置来承受液体压强的变化而产生一定的位移，并转换成霍尔电动势，经放大调理电路，最后接电压表显示相应的电压值。根据输出电压与液体压强之间的关系即可得到相应深度的压强大小。在实验中，电压表精确到1mV，最小可测量到0.792Pa的压强变化，其测量精度较高。该装置体积小、通用性强，具有较好的应用前景。     

Selection,mechanism, cross resistance and stability of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Spodoptera litura is one of the most destructive pests in Pakistan and in many other regions of the world. A field collected population of S. litura was selected with spinosad for eleven generations under controlled laboratory conditions to study the cross resistance, mechanism and stability of spinosad resistance in S. litura. The resistance to spinosad in S. litura increased 3921-fold (after eleven generations of selection with spinosad) as compared to a susceptible population of S. litura. No cross resistance between spinosad and emamectin benzoate, methoxyfenozide, fipronil, indoxacarb, profenofos, lufenuron or deltamethrin was found in the spinosad-selected population of S. litura. To find the possible mechanism of spinosad resistance in S. litura two synergists, Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) were tested on the susceptible and resistant strains and on the un-selected field population. The values of the synergism ratios of PBO and DEF were 2.33 and 1.06 for the spinosad-selected strain, 1.36 and 1.06 for the un-selected field population and 1.14 and 1.00 for the susceptible strain, respectively. As high PBO ratio indicates the role of microsomal O-demethylase in causing spinosad resistance in S. litura. The spinosad-resistant and field populations of S. litura were reared without any selection pressure from the 12th to the 16th generation (G₁₂–G₁₆). The spinosad resistance decreased from 3921 to 678-fold in the spinosad-resistant population and from 31.1 to 15.1-fold in the un-selected population of S. litura as compared to the susceptible strain. Spinosad resistance in S. litura has a high reversion rate (−0.15) which indicates that spinosad resistance in S. litura is unstable and can be easily managed by switching off the selection pressure for a few generations or alternating with insecticides having different modes of action.     

皆伐与不同迹地清理方式对杉木土壤化学性质的影响

以福建将乐国有林场杉木人工林为研究对象,按照立地条件相一致的原则,利用空间代替时间的方法设置皆伐前、皆伐1个月、皆伐3个月、整地1 a、整地3 a、炼山1 a、炼山3 a等不同条件下总计21块标准样地,旨在研究皆伐与不同迹地清理方式对杉木林地土壤化学性质的影响。经过对标准地土壤化学性质测定,结合显著性差异法对试验数据进行处理分析。结果表明:皆伐后土壤化学性质趋于恶化,不同迹地清理方式土壤化学性质差异显著,带状整地法在短期1 a内对土壤化学性质的改善显著强于炼山法,并且炼山3 a后土壤化学性质基本恢复至炼山前,总体看来皆伐后带状整地的迹地清理方式优于炼山法。     

涉农本科高校畜牧兽医专业双语教学调查分析

双语教学符合经济全球化对高等教育国际化的要求,可为国家培养懂专业又懂外语的复合型人才,是我国高等教育改革的热点之一。论文从师资水平、学习双语课程中的困难、双语教材的使用情况以及课堂教学效果四个方面调查涉农本科高校畜牧兽医专业双语教学现状。调查证实了双语教学在使学生掌握专业知识的同时又能提高学生的英语水平;同时还发现河南省涉农本科高校畜牧兽医专业双语教学存在如下问题:双语教师专业能力较强而外语运用能力较弱,学生双语学习的主要困难在于专业术语和词汇,教材的使用缺乏规范。     

DPC~+化学封顶对不同施氮量下棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响

在北疆气候条件下,为明确棉花对不同施氮量下增效缩节胺[DPC+,25%甲哌鎓(1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, DPC)水剂]化学封顶效应的响应,以新陆早53号为试验材料,在150(N1)、300(N2)和450(N3) kg hm~(–2)施氮水平下,以人工打顶(P0)为对照,研究DPC+剂量[450(P1)、750(P2)和1050(P3) mL hm~(–2)]对棉花叶绿素含量(Chl)、叶面积(LA)、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数及干物质累积与分配的影响。结果表明,同一DPC+剂量下,随施氮量增加, Chl、LA、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和生殖器官干物质(RODM)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;同一施氮量下,上述参数因DPC+剂量不同呈不同变化趋势,其中N1水平下以P1处理、N2水平下以P2处理、N3水平下以P3处理表现出较高的RODM、Chl、净光合速率(Pn)、实际光化学效率(ФPSII)、电子传递速率(ETR),较低的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)。DPC+与施氮量互作表现为,与其他处理相比, Chl、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、ФPSII、ETR、RODM在N2P2处理下分别提高了15.52%、29.39%、27.97%、36.77%、23.28%、23.55%、8.41%～22.24%, NPQ降低了34.54%。相关分析表明,干物质累积和Chl、LA、Pn、Gs、ФPSII均呈显著正相关,与NPQ呈极显著负相关。因此,在喷施DPC+(750 mL hm~(–2))条件下,适量追施氮肥(300kghm~(–2))能改善棉花光合性能,在增加干物质累积的基础上,促进了光合产物向生殖器官分配。     

杨木预水解过程中化学组分的降解行为及P因子调控作用

预水解具有环境友好性,符合生物炼制的理念。前期关于预水解的研究多集中于半纤维素的降解、分离和利用,而有关预水解过程中木质素降解的系统研究鲜有报道。以杨木为原料,在130~210℃条件下保温30~120 min进行预水解,结合P因子研究得率、葡聚糖、木聚糖、酸不溶木质素和酸溶木质素的降解率,揭示P因子对木质素降解行为的调控作用,探讨各化学组分在预水解过程中的相互作用。研究表明,预水解过程中木质素发生了一定程度的碎片化。随温度升高和时间延长,酸不溶木质素降解率均逐渐升高;当温度为190和210℃时,随时间延长,酸溶木质素降解率先升高后降低。试验证明,P因子对杨木木质素的降解具有调控作用。随着P因子增加,酸不溶木质素降解率呈指数上升,且分为快速降解(P因子<1500)和缓慢降解(P因子>1500)两个阶段;酸溶木质素降解率先上升后下降,在P因子为1926时达到最大值45.9%。此外,预水解过程中碳水化合物和木质素的降解具有相互作用关系。碳水化合物的降解为木质素的溶出打开了物理通道,同时木质素的重新吸附阻碍了其进一步降解。